UNLOCKING WOMEN’S WORK : KEY DETERMINANTS OF FEMALE LABORFORCE PARTICIPATION (FLFP) IN PAKISTAN USING TIME SERIES TECHNIQUES

Abstract

This study analyzes the determinants of Female Labor Force Participation Rate (FLFPR) in Pakistan from 2000 to 2023 using the ARDL model. Results identify gender parity (FLFPR_RATIO) as the most statistically significant determinant, while maternal mortality exerts a marginal positive influence. Conversely, public education expenditure and political representation were found to be statistically insignificant, suggesting a mismatch between policy design and labor market outcomes. Cointegration tests indicate a lack of long-term equilibrium, limiting interpretations to shorter-term dynamics. Correlation analysis further links FLFPR to legal frameworks, adolescent fertility, and GDP per person employed. To dismantle persistent socio-cultural and institutional barriers, the study advocates for integrated, evidence-based policies. Key recommendations include advancing gender parity, improving maternal healthcare, restructuring education policy, and fostering substantive political roles for women to ensure sustainable economic inclusion and overcome structural hurdles in Pakistan’s labor market.