Center for Management Science Research, ISSN “3006-5291 & 3006-5283" is an interdisciplinary, open-access, and quarterly journal that publishes articles in the fields of business management and economics studies.
GLOBAL TRADE AT RISK: ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF THE U.S.–IRAN CONFLICT
The U.S.-Iranian conflict has become one of the most significant geopolitical conflicts affecting global trade, energy markets, and international economic relations. The current research aimed to investigate the impact of the conflict on the stability of global trade, particularly through economic sanctions, oil market volatility, maritime security, and, above all, supply chain disruptions. Secondary data sources, such as academic literature, policy reports, international trade organizations, and economic analyses, were collected using a qualitative analytical research design. The study investigated the legal consequences of U.S. sanctions on Iran, as well as their effects on international trade and commerce. Results indicated that the conflict's effect in reducing oil market instability was the most significant, with an index rating of 8. 8.9 on a scale of 0 to 10, followed by maritime security threats (index rating of 8.3. 3), and finally trade uncertainties (index rating of 8.1. 1). Economic sanctions had significant impacts on Iran's economy, including loss of oil revenue (9.1. 1) and restrictions in the banking sector (8. 8.8), leading to reduced foreign investment, currency devaluation, and inflation. The analysis also revealed a strong association between geopolitical crises and the oil market volatility index, which rose from 48 to 96 as the crisis escalated. Shipping safety in the Strait of Hormuz led to higher shipping costs, insurance premiums, and logistical delays, ultimately affecting the efficiency of global shipping. The research results reveal that the U.S.-Iran conflict is a multifaceted issue that could affect the stability of global commerce. The regional repercussions of the conflict are compounded by concerns about investor confidence, international energy security, and effective multilateral energy governance. The findings underscore the importance of diplomatic engagement, increased multilateral cooperation, and greater use of multilateral tools to mitigate geopolitical risks and make the global trading system more resilient.
U.S.-Iran conflict, economic sanctions, instability in international trade, global trade stability, international trade, oil market volatility, energy security, disruption of supply chains, Strait of Hormuz, maritime security
THE DIFFERENTIAL IMPACT OF TOXIC LEADERSHIP ON ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT
Purpose: This paper is aimed to test the proposed hypothesis with testing the mediation framework developed with the relationships of Toxic Leadership with Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Organizational Commitment with the mediating effect of Group Cohesion. Design/Methodology/Approach: SEM analysis was performed to check the relationships through Smart PLS 3 and to test the mediation analysis model developed through the proposed hypothesis. Findings: The statistical analysis has shown that there is appositive relationship among all the variables. Group Cohesion has a strong mediation effect on Organizational Commitment and Organizational Citizenship Behavior with the inflecting effect of Toxic Leadership. Practical Implication: This study helps to identify how toxic leadership is positively playing its role in diminishing activity of Organizational Commitment and Organizational Citizenship Behavior of employees in the manufacturing industry with the mediating effect of group cohesion. Originality/Value: This study is unique in its aspect of studying the impact of Toxic Leadership with mediating impact of Group Cohesion on Organizational Commitment and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in the manufacturing industry of Pakistan.
Toxic Leadership, Group Cohesion, Organizational Commitment and Organizational Citizenship Behavior
FROM CRISIS TO CONNECTION: CAN RURAL PAKISTAN REWRITE ITS HEALTHCARE STORY
Equitable healthcare access remains one of Pakistan’s most urgent societal challenges, especially in peri-urban and rural regions. Our study explores insights from five ethnographic case studies: Charrar Pind, Sahowala, Faizpur Gaon, Narowal, and Julliana Pind each revealing how proximity to cities does not guarantee access to care. The findings expose a fractured healthcare ecosystem characterized by resource scarcity, ethical lapses, and digital exclusion. However, they also highlight pathways of hope through community driven trust, female healthcare leadership, and context-sensitive digitization. By integrating the World Health Organization’s health systems framework with the ethical lenses of utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics, and aligning with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 3, 5, 9, and 10), this study proposes a phased, inclusive model for digital health transformation. Ultimately, it argues for a healthcare reform strategy that moves beyond infrastructure expansion toward cultivating systems grounded in empathy, dignity, transparency, and local agency.
Rural Healthcare, Digital Health, Governance, Ethics in Health Systems, Community Trust, Pakistan
THE IMPACT OF WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT ON SMES FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE WITH MODERATED MEDIATION MODEL
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are important for economic development, job creation, and industrialization. In spite of all their importance, there is no denying that some SMEs suffer from financial problems which may affect their performance and sustainability. This paper focuses on the effect of cash management and accounts receivable management, both of which fall under the broader scope of working capital management, on SME performance. Also, it seeks to find out how financial flexibility acts as a mediator between the two independent variables mentioned above and performance as well as how firm size may moderate those relationships. Panel data of firms listed at Pakistan Stock Exchange from 2010-2023 have been utilized using Fixed Effects, Random Effects, and System GMM techniques. The findings reveal that cash management and accounts receivable management have significant positive effects on SME performance. Financial flexibility also demonstrates a strong positive influence on performance and significantly mediates the relationships between working capital management practices and SME performance. In addition, the moderation analysis indicates that firm size strengthens the positive effects of financial management practices on performance, suggesting that larger SMEs are better positioned to convert financial resources into superior organizational outcomes. The results remain robust across alternative estimation techniques, including System GMM, which addresses potential endogeneity concerns. This study contributes to the working capital management literature by uncovering the underlying mechanism through which financial management practices enhance firm performance and by highlighting the contingent role of firm size. The findings offer valuable implications for SME managers, policymakers, and financial institutions seeking to improve financial resilience, operational efficiency, and sustainable business growth in emerging economies.
Working Capital Management; Cash Management; Accounts Receivable Management; Financial Flexibility; Firm Size; SME Performance; Panel Data; System GMM; Pakistan
DECODING THE CONSUMER MIND: LINKING BRAND EQUITY TO PURCHASE INTENTIONS THROUGH ATTITUDE IN EMERGING MARKETS
Background: This research examined the effect of Brand equity, customer-based-brand equity dimensions, namely brand identity, brand meaning, brand response, and brand resonance with the social influence, on purchase intentions in fashion apparel, traditionally tailored indigenous products in Swat, KP, Pakistan. Further, this study investigates the mediating role of brand attitude. Method: The current research employed a multistage cluster sampling followed by purposive and convenience sampling to collect data from 310 respondents using a survey instrument. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling was used to test the hypothesized relationships among the study variables. Results: findings revealed that brand identity, brand response, and brand resonance were positively connected to purchase intentions. The brand meaning and social influence were insignificantly related to purchase intentions. Moreover, brand attitude mediates the relationship between brand identity, brand meaning, brand response, and social influence. Additionally, the brand attitude does not mediate the relationship between brand resonance and purchase intentions. Originality: This research assesses the relationship between brand identity, brand meaning, brand response, brand resonance, social influence, and purchase intention in Swat, KP, and Pakistan. It demonstrates the mediating role of brand attitude, yielding a novel perspective on how brand equity shapes consumer behavior. Conclusions: The current study found that brand identity, brand, response, and brand resonance significantly affect purchase intentions. However, brand meaning and social influence show no significant association with purchase intentions. Brand attitude significantly mediates the relationship between brand identity, brand meaning, brand response, and social influence, but is not significant for brand resonance. The study provides theoretical refinement, actionable insights, and future directions.
Brand Equity, Social Influence, Brand Attitude, Purchase Intentions
THE IMPACT OF QUALITY CONTROL STRATEGIES ON MEASUREMENT PROCESS OPTIMIZATION AND OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE: A CASE STUDY IN AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURING
Maintaining accurate and reliable measurement systems is essential for ensuring product quality and operational excellence in precision manufacturing industries. This study investigates the impact of quality control strategies on measurement process optimization and manufacturing performance through a case study conducted in an automotive component manufacturing environment. The research employed a quantitative case study approach using production records, Measurement System Analysis (MSA), Gauge Repeatability and Reproducibility (Gauge R&R), Statistical Process Control (SPC), Pareto analysis, Fishbone analysis, scatter diagrams, and process capability analysis to identify measurement-related challenges and evaluate the effectiveness of corrective actions. The findings revealed that measurement system deficiencies, including overdue instrument calibration, inadequate operator competency, lack of standardized measurement procedures, and environmental variations, were the primary contributors to process instability and product rejection. Following the implementation of integrated quality control strategies comprising calibration system enhancement, standardized operating procedures, environmental control, operator training, and continuous SPC monitoring, substantial improvements were achieved across key operational indicators. The process capability index (Cpk) increased from 0.61 to 1.58, Gauge R&R improved from 41.1% to 11.8%, the rejection rate decreased from 4.8% to 0.6%, monthly customer complaints declined by 85.3%, and quality-related costs were reduced by approximately 81.3%, resulting in estimated annual savings of PKR 37 million. These findings demonstrate that systematic quality control strategies significantly enhance measurement process reliability, improve production performance, and support continuous improvement in manufacturing organizations. The study provides practical guidance for production managers and quality professionals seeking to strengthen operational performance through structured quality management practices and evidence-based decision-making
Quality Control Strategies; Measurement Process Optimization; Statistical Process Control; Manufacturing Performance; Continuous Improvement; Operational Excellence; Precision Manufacturing.
PORTFOLIO OPTIMIZATION USING MODERN PORTFOLIO THEORY (MPT) AND MARKOWITZ EFFICIENT FRONTIER MODELING TECHNIQUES
This review paper provides a comprehensive taxonomic synthesis of portfolio optimization frameworks, tracking the evolution of asset allocation from classical quantitative foundations to advanced data-driven models. It begins with Harry Markowitz’s 1952 Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT), outlining its pioneering use of variance as a symmetrical risk metric and its vulnerability to estimation errors, which often turn optimizers into "estimation-error maximizers". To address these challenges, the paper analyzes Post-Modern Portfolio Theory (PMPT), which incorporates asymmetrical risk metrics like downside deviation and integrates high-frequency intraday data to capture downside realized semivariance and price jumps. The evaluation then shifts to parameter stabilization techniques, highlighting the Bayesian framework of the Black-Litterman model, which combines market equilibrium priors with subjective views to mitigate input sensitivity. Moving beyond classical boundaries, the paper reviews Robust Portfolio Optimization (RPO) and Mixed Conditional Value-at-Risk (MCVaR) frameworks designed to counter tail risk under non-parametric uncertainty sets. It also examines the computational challenges introduced by real-world market frictions and mixed-integer constraints, assessing how metaheuristic algorithms navigate these non-convex spaces. Finally, the paper highlights contemporary breakthroughs in artificial intelligence, comparing the traditional "predict-then-optimize" paradigm with decision-focused, end-to-end Smart Predict-then-Optimize (SPO) loss functions, alongside deep neural and graph networks. By structuring these methodologies into a comparative matrix, this review highlights the transition from rigid historical estimation toward adaptive, decision-focused, and robust risk management frameworks capable of navigating modern financial markets.
Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT); Black-Litterman Model; Downside Risk; Robust Portfolio Optimization; Smart Predict-then-Optimize (SPO); Machine Learning
FUNDING CONSTRAINTS IN STARTUPS USING PANEL DATA REGRESSION AND FINANCIAL ACCESSIBILITY ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
Funding constraints represent the single most significant impediment to startup survival, innovation, and scalable growth, yet their measurement and causal identification remain analytically challenging due to endogeneity, unobserved heterogeneity, and survival bias. This review synthesizes theoretical foundations, econometric methodologies, and empirical findings on financial constraints in early-stage ventures. Theoretically, information asymmetry and adverse selection (Stiglitz-Weiss) explain why credit rationing disproportionately affects opaque, asset-light startups, while Pecking Order Theory and Trade-off Theory require substantial modification for the startup context where internal cash flow is negligible and debt tax shields offer little value. Methodologically, panel data regression techniques particularly Fixed Effects models controlling for time-invariant founder characteristics and System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) addressing lagged-dependent variable bias have become essential for analyzing longitudinal firm-level datasets. The choice among financial constraint indices (Kaplan-Zingales, Whited-Wu, Size-Age) significantly influences empirical conclusions, with text-based measures derived from SEC 10-K filings offering novel predictive power for liquidity events. Innovation intensity, measured by R&D expenditure and patent counts, paradoxically increases financial constraints due to asset specificity, though successful product market entry serves as a credible signal reducing information asymmetry. Regional and cross-country comparisons (US vs. Nigeria, EU vs. Western Balkans) reveal that institutional maturity, venture capital density, and fintech infrastructure substantially moderate constraint severity. Empirical hazard ratio analysis indicates that debt financing reduces startup failure risk by 86% and angel investment by 71%, while government equity exhibits adverse selection effects. Emerging digital solutions AI-driven credit scoring, blockchain, and crowdfunding are democratizing access but face regulatory and cost barriers
Funding constraints, startup finance, panel data regression, financial accessibility, information asymmetry, credit rationing, Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), Pecking Order Theory, innovation financing, survival analysis
TOWARD A CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF PAY EQUITY, PAY TRANSPARENCY, AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE: A LITERATURE-BASED ANALYSIS
One of the most important human resource management practices for employee motivation, organizational justice and sustainable organizational performance is seen to be the pay equity. But the mechanisms by which pay equity might affect employee performance are still somewhat disjointed, especially in the context of pay transparency. This paper builds a conceptual framework by synthesizing from literature the scholarship on pay equity, pay transparency and employee performance. The study is guided by three theories namely, Equity Theory, Organizational Justice Theory and the Social Exchange Theory, and it focuses on job roles and responsibilities, compensation policies and gender fairness to determine equivalent compensation practices and how pay transparency plays a role in impacting the performance of the employees. The design of the research in this study was qualitative with the qualitative theoretical research design and the technique in analyzing the secondary literature was content matrix analysis. The synthesis shows that transparent compensation practices lead to increased perceived fairness, trust and employee commitment, which translate into improved employee outcomes with respect to employee performance. The suggested framework also provides theoretical explanations for future empirical research and provides practical suggestions for organizations that want to develop fair and transparent compensation mechanisms.
Pay Equity, Pay Transparency, Employee Performance, Organizational Justice, Equity Theory, and Social Exchange Theory, Content Matrix Analysis
ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATE, PSYCHOLOGICAL SAFETY, WORK ENVIRONMENT, ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT AND JOB PERFORMANCE OF AN EMPLOYEE
Organization’s environment, Psychological safety, organisational climate and commitment is crucial for the output of work. A healthy work environment, Psychological safety including a liberty to speak and participate without fear is crucial in any organization. The primary aim of the present study was to examine the influence of work environment, psychological safety, organizational climate, and organizational commitment on employees' job performance. The study also seeks to identify the relative contribution of these organizational factors in predicting employee performance across different organizational settings, workplace environment and job performance of an employee in an organization. It was a study followed by a correlation research design. A convenient sample of 250 employees with the age range from 20 to 45 years was drawn from five different cities i.e. Lahore, Multan, Islamabad, Karachi and Rawalpindi. Pearson Product-Moment Correlation was used to examine the relationships among the study variables, while Multiple Linear Regression analysis was conducted to determine the predictive effects of work environment, organizational climate, organizational commitment, and psychological safety on employees' job performance. Findings from the study suggested that employees who perceive their organizations as supportive, psychologically safe, and characterized by a positive organizational climate are more likely to demonstrate higher levels of job performance. Furthermore, work environment showed positive relationships with psychological safety, organizational climate, and organizational commitment, suggesting that healthier workplaces foster employees' perceptions of safety, supportive organizational climates, and stronger commitment toward the organization
Work environment, job performance, job productivity, Psychological Safety, Organizational Climate, Organizational Commitment, Employee Performance, Organizational Behavior, Workplace Wellbeing
PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY BEYOND CRYPTO CURRENCY: AWARENESS, APPLICATIONS, AND ADOPTION BARRIERS
Blockchain technology has gained widespread attention primarily through its association with cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. However, its potential extends far beyond digital currency, encompassing transformative applications in healthcare, supply chain management, digital identity, voting systems, and education. This paper investigates public perception of blockchain technology in contexts beyond cryptocurrency, examining the factors that shape awareness, trust, and adoption. Through a structured review of existing literature and a proposed survey-based methodology, this study identifies key knowledge gaps, perceived benefits, and dominant barriers—including technical complexity, regulatory ambiguity, and institutional skepticism—that limit broader public engagement. Findings suggest that while awareness of blockchain remains largely confined to its financial applications, there is significant latent interest in its governance and social utility applications once users are provided with accurate information. The paper concludes by recommending targeted public education initiatives, transparent regulatory frameworks, and interdisciplinary collaboration as foundational steps toward accelerating informed adoption of blockchain technology across sectors.
blockchain technology, public perception, technology adoption, decentralization, non-cryptocurrency applications, digital trust
A MAQĀṢID-ANCHORED SOCIOTECHNICAL FRAMEWORK FOR AI-DRIVEN SHARIAH COMPLIANCE AND ISLAMIC FINTECH DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION: AN INTEGRATED CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Purpose – This study develops an integrated conceptual framework that explains how artificial intelligence (AI) reshapes Shariah compliance and the broader digital transformation of the Islamic financial services industry. This responds to the observation that, although scholarly output on Islamic fintech has expanded rapidly, the field remains dominated by technology-acceptance studies and descriptive reviews, leaving the organizational and sociotechnical mechanisms that link AI to Shariah-aligned outcomes under-theorized. Design/methodology/approach – Adopting a theory synthesis approach, this study integrates three complementary lenses—Maqāṣid al-Shariah as the normative anchor, Dynamic Capabilities Theory as the strategic-organizational layer, and Technology Affordances and Constraints Theory situated within Sociotechnical Systems Theory as the artifact layer—into a single multi-level model. Eight propositions are derived to specify the relationships between the layers. Findings – The framework reconceptualizes AI not as a neutral efficiency tool but as a bundle of affordances and constraints that must be actualized within a social system of scholars, regulators, and customers, and steered by dynamic capabilities toward the higher objectives of Islamic law. It theorizes the explainability–gharar tension as the pivotal mechanism that determines whether an AI affordance is realized or neutralized, and positions explainable, scholar-supervised AI as a Shariah necessity rather than a technical preference. Originality/value – This study offers the first multilevel synthesis to combine Maqāṣid al-Shariah with Dynamic Capabilities and Technology Affordances/Sociotechnical Systems Theory, providing a testable architecture for future empirical work and practical guidance for Shariah governance in the age of intelligent automation
Artificial intelligence, Shariah compliance, Islamic fintech, Maqāṣid al-Shariah, dynamic capabilities, technology affordances, digital transformation, explainable AI
METACOGNITION AND CONSUMER DECISION-MAKING IN AI-DRIVEN FINTECH MARKETS: A STUDY OF THE PAKISTANI MARKET
The study focuses on exploring the connection between metacognitive awareness and consumer decision making in AI-based online markets in the Pakistani setting. Since more and more online consumer experiences are intermediated by artificial intelligence in the form of personalized recommendations, chatbots, predictive algorithms, it is necessary to understand how consumers consciously manage their cognitive processes in order to contribute to theoretical development and actual practice. Using a sample of 200 Pakistani urban digital consumers, this paper uses a quantitative research design to examine how metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive regulation, and metacognitive experiences influence the quality of decisions in AI-mediated settings. The results indicate that metacognitive awareness is a strong predictor of the quality of decision-making, and metacognitive regulation is the most powerful predictor. Nonetheless, the effect of AI personalization is rather complex: on the one hand, it enhances the efficiency of the decisions taken, whereas on the other hand, it can decrease the engagement of consumers in metacognitive monitoring. The paper recognizes an imperative conflict between the convenience of AI and the sustainability of autonomous consumer agency. The implications of this finding on Fintech marketers, the designers of AI systems, and consumer protection policymakers in emerging markets are significant.
Metacognition, consumer decision-making, artificial intelligence, Fintech markets, Pakistani consumers, AI personalization
IMPACT OF ADAPTATION-ORIENTED HRM ON ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOUR: MEDIATING ROLE OF HRM CAPABILITY
This study examined the impact of Adaptation-Oriented HRM (AOHRM) on Environmental Organizational Citizenship Behaviour (EOCB) in manufacturing firms of Pakistan. It also investigated the mediating role of HRM Capability (HRMC) in explaining how adaptive HR practices encouraged employees to engage in voluntary environmental behaviour. The study was based on the view that environmental performance in manufacturing firms depends not only on formal policies and technical systems, but also on employees’ willingness to support environmental goals beyond their assigned duties. The study used a quantitative research design and collected primary data through a structured questionnaire. The measurement items were adopted from previous empirical studies and measured on a five-point Likert scale. Data were collected through a face-to-face survey from employees and managers working in manufacturing firms of Pakistan. Convenience sampling was used because access to manufacturing firms and employees was limited, while snowball sampling helped reach further relevant respondents through referrals. A total of 229 usable responses were obtained. The collected data were cleaned and screened in SPSS version 25, while the hypotheses were tested through SmartPLS. The findings showed that AOHRM had a positive and significant effect on EOCB. This indicated that supportive, flexible and learning-oriented HR practices encouraged employees to participate in voluntary environmental activities. The results also confirmed that AOHRM had a strong positive effect on HRMC, suggesting that adaptive HR practices helped firms strengthen their internal human resource systems. HRMC was also found to have a significant positive effect on EOCB. In addition, HRMC partially mediated the relationship between AOHRM and EOCB, showing that adaptive HR practices influenced environmental citizenship behaviour both directly and indirectly through stronger HRMC. The study offers useful implications for manufacturing firms, HR managers and sustainability practitioners. It suggests that firms should not treat environmental responsibility only as a compliance or technical issue, but should also integrate it into HRM practices. Manufacturing firms can encourage voluntary green behaviour by developing employee-centred HR systems, providing relevant training, supporting employee participation and strengthening the capability of the HR function.
Adaptation-Oriented HRM; Environmental Organizational Citizenship Behaviour; HRM Capability
HERDING BEHAVIOR AND RISK APPETITE AMONG RETAIL INVESTORS IN PAKISTAN: A MODERATED MEDIATION STUDY
The rapid expansion of mobile trading applications has significantly changed the investment behavior of retail investors by providing easy access to stocks, forex, and cryptocurrency markets. However, this digital access has also increased the influence of behavioral biases on investment decision-making. This study examined the effect of herding behavior on risk appetite among retail investors in Pakistan, with anchoring heuristic as a mediating variable and overconfidence as a moderating variable. Data were collected from 335 retail investors who were active users of mobile trading applications and were investing or attempting to invest in stocks, forex, and cryptocurrencies. A structured questionnaire was used to collect responses, and the data were analyzed through SPSS using reliability, validity, regression, mediation, moderation, and moderated mediation analyses. The findings revealed that herding behavior positively influenced investors’ risk appetite, indicating that retail investors became more willing to take financial risks when they followed the actions and opinions of others. The results further showed that anchoring heuristic mediated the relationship between herding behavior and risk appetite. Furthermore, herding behavior was positively associated with risk appetite both directly and indirectly via anchoring heuristic, which was reinforced by overconfidence. The study adds to the behavioral finance body of evidence by providing a conceptual model of the interaction among social influence, cognitive bias and investor confidence and how they all collectively influence risk-taking in digital investment platforms. The findings also provide practical insights for investors, financial advisors, trading platforms, and policymakers to promote more informed and responsible investment decisions.
Herding behavior, anchoring heuristic, overconfidence, risk appetite, retail investors, mobile trading applications, Pakistan
BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS AND SOCIAL MEDIA ADDICTION AMONG YOUNG ADULTS
Social media use among young adults has become an important aspect of their daily life. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the Big Five Personality Traits (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism) and social media addiction among young adults. The study employed a quantitative cross-sectional survey design, and 300 respondents aged between 18 and 25 years were selected from the community, online platform, and campus. Data was collected online using the Big Five Inventory (BFI-44) and Social Media Addiction Scale (SMA-S). The findings indicated that Neuroticism had the highest positive correlation with social media addiction (β = .38, p< .001), followed by Extraversion (β = .26, p< .001). Conscientiousness was an important negative predictor (β = −.21, p < .01), lending support to its role in preventing compulsive usage. For agreeableness and Openness to experience, there was no significant prediction of social media addiction. The regression model explained 32% of the variance in the social media addiction scores (R² = .32). The findings highlight the importance of personality in the digital lives of young adults and the need to develop personality-based interventions to help reduce social media addiction and promote digital well-being.
Big Five Personality Traits, social media addiction, Neuroticism, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, young adults, digital well-being
DEMAND ELASTICITIES OF FRESH FRUITS AMONG URBAN HOUSEHOLDS IN PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN: EVIDENCE FROM A WORKING–LESER DEMAND SYSTEM
This study examined household consumption patterns and demand elasticities for major fresh fruits in Peshawar, Pakistan. Primary data were collected from 120 households residing in the University Campus of Peshawar using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, multiple regression demand functions, and the Working–Leser demand model were employed to estimate expenditure, own-price, and cross-price elasticities for apple, banana, guava, and orange. Results revealed average monthly household consumption of 5.38 kg of apples, 4.28 dozen bananas, 1.08 kg of guava, and 6.69 dozen oranges. Demand for all fruits was negatively associated with own prices and exhibited statistically significant own-price elasticities ranging from −1.57 to −3.48, indicating elastic demand. Expenditure elasticities ranged from 0.27 to 0.75, suggesting that fruits are normal but necessity goods. Cross-price elasticities revealed both substitution and complementary relationships among fruit categories. The findings imply that price increases may substantially reduce fruit consumption and producer revenues. Policies aimed at reducing production and marketing costs, improving supply chains, and enhancing fruit availability are therefore recommended.
Demand elasticity, Working–Leser model, fruit consumption, household demand, Pakistan, agricultural economics
EFFECT OF A GAMIFIED LEARNING INTERVENTION ON DENTAL STUDENTS’ CLINICAL PERFORMANCE: A QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
Background: Clinical performance is a critical competency for dental students, reflecting their technical proficiency and readiness for professional practice. With the growing adoption of educational technologies, gamification has emerged as an innovative approach to enhance engagement, motivation, and learning in educational settings. While prior studies have reported positive effects on knowledge acquisition and cognitive skills, limited evidence has addressed its impact on the clinical performance of dental students. This study examined the effectiveness of gamified learning in improving the clinical performance of dental students. Methods: A quasi-experimental design with pre- and post-test measures was employed. Fifty-two dentistry students were divided into control (traditional instruction, n = 26) and experimental (gamified instruction, n = 26) groups for the study. The clinical performance was assessed using a validated scale. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was conducted with pre-test scores as a covariate to evaluate post-test differences. Logistic regression was used to examine the probability of improved performance based on pre-test scores and group assignment. Results: ANCOVA revealed a non-significant effect of gamified instruction on clinical performance after adjusting for the baseline scores. However, students in the gamified group achieved higher adjusted mean scores than those in the control group, indicating superior clinical-task performance. Logistic regression confirmed that group membership significantly predicted improved outcomes, with students in the gamified group showing higher odds of better performance. Conclusion: Gamified learning can effectively enhance clinical performance in dental education by fostering motivation, engagement, and skill development in students. These findings support the integration of gamification into dental curricula to strengthen clinical training and prepare students for professional practice.
Gamification, Clinical performance, Dental education, Quasi-experiment
DIGITAL CONSUMER TRUST, AI-PERSONALIZATION, AND E-COMMERCE ADOPTION: A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY BETWEEN PAKISTAN AND EMERGING ASIAN MARKETS
Digital transformation in e-commerce has increasingly been driven by artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled personalization systems that tailor consumer experiences based on behavioral data and predictive analytics. This study examines the impact of AI-personalization on digital consumer trust and e-commerce adoption, with a cross-cultural comparison between Pakistan and selected emerging Asian markets. A quantitative, cross-sectional research design was employed using survey data collected from active online consumers with prior e-commerce experience. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was applied to analyze relationships among constructs and test direct, mediating, and moderating effects. The results indicate that AI-personalization significantly enhances digital consumer trust, which in turn strongly predicts e-commerce adoption behavior. Trust was found to partially mediate the relationship between AI-personalization and adoption, highlighting its central role in reducing perceived risk in digital transactions. Furthermore, cross-cultural differences revealed that consumers in Pakistan exhibit higher trust sensitivity compared to other emerging Asian markets, indicating stronger reliance on perceived credibility and system transparency in online purchasing decisions. The study concludes that AI-personalization is an effective driver of e-commerce adoption only when supported by strong trust-building mechanisms. The findings contribute to the extension of technology adoption theories by integrating trust and cultural context into AI-driven consumer behavior models.
AI-personalization; digital consumer trust; e-commerce adoption; cross-cultural behavior; emerging markets; structural equation modeling
A STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF LEAN MANUFACTURING PRACTICES ON PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT, COST REDUCTION, AND OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY IN INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATIONS
Lean manufacturing has emerged as a strategic approach for improving industrial performance by eliminating waste, optimizing processes, and enhancing value creation. Many industrial organizations continue to struggle with inefficiencies, high production costs, and inconsistent productivity levels, which hinder their competitiveness in global markets. The present study examines the impact of lean manufacturing practices on productivity enhancement, cost reduction, and operational efficiency in industrial organizations. The primary objective of this research is to analyze how lean tools and techniques contribute to improving organizational performance indicators. A descriptive and analytical research methodology was employed, using secondary data from peer-reviewed journals, industrial reports, and case studies, alongside comparative analysis of selected manufacturing firms implementing lean systems. The major findings indicate that lean practices such as Just-in-Time (JIT), Kaizen, 5S, and value stream mapping significantly improve workflow efficiency, reduce operational waste, and enhance production speed. Organizations adopting lean systems demonstrated notable reductions in inventory costs, lead times, and defect rates, while simultaneously achieving higher productivity and improved resource utilization. In conclusion, lean manufacturing is a highly effective framework for industrial transformation and sustainable operational excellence. The study highlights that successful implementation requires continuous improvement culture, employee involvement, and strong managerial commitment. The implications of this research suggest that industrial organizations can achieve long-term competitiveness by integrating lean principles into their core operational strategies.
Lean Manufacturing, Productivity Enhancement, Cost Reduction, Operational Efficiency, Just-in-Time (JIT), Kaizen, Industrial Performance
A STUDY OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION, BUSINESS MODEL INNOVATION, AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE IN THE ERA OF THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The Fourth Industrial Revolution has reshaped global business environments by integrating advanced digital technologies such as artificial intelligence, cloud computing, big data analytics, and the Internet of Things. Despite widespread adoption, many organizations still struggle to translate digital transformation into improved performance due to misaligned business model innovation and weak strategic integration. This study examines the relationship between digital transformation, business model innovation, and organizational performance in contemporary enterprises. The primary objective of this research is to analyze how digital transformation influences organizational performance and the mediating role of business model innovation in this relationship. A qualitative and quantitative mixed-method approach was employed, drawing on survey data from managers and secondary industry reports. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic interpretation to identify emerging patterns. Findings reveal that digital transformation significantly enhances operational efficiency, decision-making speed, and customer engagement. However, its impact on organizational performance is maximized only when supported by adaptive and innovative business models. Organizations that failed to innovate their business models experienced limited performance gains despite heavy investment in digital technologies. The study concludes that successful performance improvement in the Fourth Industrial Revolution depends not merely on technology adoption but on strategic alignment between digital transformation and business model innovation. The implications suggest that managers should prioritize flexible business architectures and continuous innovation to sustain competitive advantage in rapidly evolving markets.
Digital Transformation, Business Model Innovation, Organizational Performance, Fourth Industrial Revolution, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Alignment, Technological Innovation
US –CHINA RIVALRY: POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND SECURITY CHALLENGES FOR PAKISTAN
This research examines the multifaceted political, economic, and security challenges confronting Pakistan as a result of the escalating rivalry between the United States and China in the twenty-first century. As two global superpowers compete for dominance across geopolitical, technological, and economic domains, their strategic competition has profound implications for countries like Pakistan, which occupies a uniquely significant geostrategic position in South Asia. The study aims to examine how this rivalry shapes Pakistan's political landscape and foreign policy decision-making, analyze its economic consequences on stability and sustainability, evaluate its influence on regional security and defense posture, and identify strategic policy frameworks that enable Pakistan to balance relations with both powers without compromising national interests. Employing a quantitative methodological approach, the research analyzes secondary data including trade volumes, foreign direct investment patterns, military assistance records, policy statements, and official reports from 2001 to 2025. The findings reveal that Pakistan faces immense pressure to align with either Washington or Beijing, challenging its traditional policy of non-alignment. Politically, Islamabad navigates strained US relations post-Afghanistan withdrawal while deepening ties with China through the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Economically, Pakistan confronts debt sustainability concerns exceeding $130 billion, significant trade imbalances with China (exports of $2.1 billion versus imports of $15.6 billion), US sanctions on Pakistani entities, and 19 percent tariffs on exports to the American market. Security-wise, the rivalry complicates counterterrorism cooperation, creates dilemmas between US demands regarding militancy and Chinese priorities for CPEC protection, and exacerbates regional tensions through growing US-India defense ties. The research concludes that Pakistan's economic dependency on Chinese investment, combined with US economic restrictions and technological transfer limitations, creates significant vulnerabilities requiring a comprehensive balancing strategy to safeguard national sovereignty and sustainable development.
FINANCIAL EXPERTISE IN AUDIT COMMITTEES: A GOVERNANCE APPROACH TO LIMITING EARNINGS MANIPULATION
This study explores how audit committee financial expertise and corporate governance mechanisms influence earnings management practices. Earnings management occurs when company management deliberately manipulates financial reporting to present a favorable image of performance, often misleading stakeholders. Using discretionary accruals as the primary measure, the research applies established models such as Jones (1991), Dechow et al. (1995), Kasznik (1999), and Kothari et al. (2005) to assess earnings manipulation among firms listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange. The findings reveal that audit committee independence and financial expertise are negatively associated with earnings management, indicating that qualified and independent committees enhance reporting credibility. Conversely, excessive workload and frequent meetings may reduce effectiveness, suggesting that governance quality depends on both structure and functionality. Corporate governance factors, including board size, independence, and audit quality, also play a significant role in shaping transparency and accountability. Overall, the study demonstrates that strong governance frameworks and financially skilled audit committees act as safeguards against opportunistic earnings manipulation. By reinforcing independence, expertise, and accountability, organizations can improve the reliability of financial reporting and protect stakeholder interests.
Audit Committee, Financial expertise, corporate governance, Earnings management, CEO duality, and the Karachi Stock Exchange
EFFECT OF WORKPLACE INCIVILITY ON EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
This study has been conducted for the purpose of exploring the fact that whether emotional intelligence is linked with workplace incivility or not. Moreover, it was also searched that which component of EI was closely related to WI. Additionally, this study will also explore the relationship between emotional intelligence and the two sub factors of Big Five Traits Theory agreeableness and extraversion. A questionnaire was designed to serve the purpose of collecting data including four sub-sections covering each variable. 300 questionnaires were circulated for this purpose in various public and private sector organizations, banks, educational institutions, regulatory authorities, etc. 202 surveys were returned and 194 were sort out for data analysis after screening. To investigate the research hypothesis, three tests were conducted comprising of reliability tests, correlations and hierarchical multiple regressions. The results of these tests showed a positive relation between workplace incivility and emotional intelligence. Moreover, a positive relation was also found between emotional intelligence and extraversion. A perfect positive correlation came out to be in between emotional intelligence and agreeableness. Future studies should test if EI recovery from incivility differs across cultures, to build cross-cultural COR theory. Research must explore new digital incivility forms like AI monitoring rudeness or Zoom fatigue, as flexible work evolves beyond email/Slack. Longitudinal experiments are needed to validate which HRM interventions actually reverse EI damage, moving beyond the study’s observational design to casual evidence and whether this damage is temporary or permanent.
STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR FOR EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE AND LEADERSHIP
In this study, the impact of Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) and Organizational Behavior (OB) on the performance and effectiveness of employees was reviewed in the modern organizations. The method used for the study was quantitative with a sample of 250 employees, supervisors, managers and human resource professionals from public and private organizations. The data was gathered with the use of a structured questionnaire having a five point likert scale and the data obtained was analyzed both descriptively, correlation analysis and multiple regression. Overall, the training and development practices obtained the highest mean score for training and developmentamong the SHRM practices, and the teamwork variable had the highest mean score for organizational behavior variables. It was found that there was a positive strong correlation between SHRM and employee performance (r = 0.781, p< 0.001) and between SHRM and leadership effectiveness (r = 0.744, p< 0.001) in the correlation analysis. Finally, regression analysis also showed that SHRM practices (β = 0.482, p < 0.001) and organizational behavior factors (β = 0.417, p < 0.001) significantly predicted employee performance. The findings further revealed high leadership effectiveness, the leadership development program gave the mean score of 4.24. The research found that those organisations that have good practice in recruitment, training, performance management, employee participation, communication and team working experience greater productivity levels among employees and good leadership outcomes. Furthermore, the positive HR practices, combined with positive organizational behavior contributed to enhance workplace performance, organizational commitment and employee engagement. The results of the study indicate that integrated human resource management, positive organizational behavior and leadership development are possible strategies in achieving sustain able competitive advantage in the organization. These strategies can boost organizational effectiveness, enhance employee capabilities and contribute to the long-term success of the business in dynamic and competitive marketplaces.
To promote and maintain competence in managing human resources at every stage of their career development.Career Objective: To learn and develop competence in human resource management throughout their career
IMPACT OF HYBRID WORK MODELS ON EMPLOYEE PRODUCTIVITY AND JOB SATISFACTION
The emergence of hybrid work models—combining remote and in‑office arrangements—has reshaped organizational practices and employee experiences worldwide. This study explores the impact of hybrid work structures on employee productivity and job satisfaction, drawing on empirical findings and theoretical perspectives. Results indicate that hybrid models can enhance productivity by offering flexibility, reducing commuting time, and enabling focused individual work, while simultaneously fostering collaboration through periodic in‑person engagement. However, challenges such as communication gaps, unequal access to resources, and blurred work‑life boundaries may hinder outcomes if not managed effectively. Job satisfaction is generally higher among employees who perceive autonomy, trust, and organizational support in hybrid settings, though satisfaction levels vary depending on role requirements and managerial practices. The research underscores the importance of intentional policy design, technological infrastructure, and inclusive leadership to maximize the benefits of hybrid work. Ultimately, hybrid models represent a transformative approach to modern employment, with the potential to balance efficiency and well‑being when strategically implemented.
AN ANALYSIS OF CORPORATE TAX PLANNING STRATEGIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE AND REGULATORY COMPLIANCE
In an increasingly regulated business environment, corporations face the challenge of minimizing tax liabilities while maintaining compliance with evolving tax laws and financial reporting standards. The problem addressed in this study is the lack of clarity regarding how corporate tax planning strategies influence financial performance without exposing firms to regulatory risks. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of various corporate tax planning strategies and evaluate their implications for organizational profitability and regulatory compliance. A quantitative research design was employed using secondary data obtained from publicly available financial statements, annual reports, and tax disclosures of selected corporations across different industries. Statistical techniques, including correlation and regression analyses, were utilized to examine the relationship between tax planning measures and key financial performance indicators. The findings reveal that strategic tax planning contributes significantly to enhanced financial performance by reducing tax burdens, improving cash flow management, and increasing shareholder value. Firms that effectively utilize tax incentives, deductions, credits, and deferred tax arrangements demonstrate stronger profitability and financial stability. However, the study also finds that overly aggressive tax avoidance practices may increase compliance costs, attract regulatory scrutiny, and expose organizations to reputational and legal risks. Furthermore, strong corporate governance and transparent reporting mechanisms were identified as critical factors in balancing tax efficiency with regulatory adherence. The study concludes that sustainable tax planning should integrate both financial objectives and compliance requirements to ensure long-term corporate success. These findings provide valuable insights for managers, policymakers, investors, and tax authorities seeking to promote responsible and effective corporate tax management.
Corporate Tax Planning, Financial Performance, Regulatory Compliance, Tax Avoidance, Corporate Governance, Tax Efficiency, Shareholder Value
THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AND WORKPLACE DIVERSITY ON ORGANIZATIONAL INNOVATION: THE MODERATING ROLE OF EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION
The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between organizational culture, workplace diversity, employee motivation and organizational innovation in both public and private sector organizations having business in Pakistan. The general aim is to examine the relationship between organizational culture and organizational diversity and the effect of this relationship on organizational innovation by using employee motivation as a moderating variable.The research used was a Quantitative research approach based on a Cross sectional design. A structured questionnaire was adopted to gather data from 370 employees who had at least two years of experience at their work. Correlation and regression analysis were applied to the study to look at the relationships between the variables.The research results show that organizational culture is very influential in achieving workplace diversity, thereby improving organizational innovation. Additionally, employee motivation bolsters the link between workplace diversity and organizational innovation, lending to the idea that motivated employees are more likely to have a greater impact on innovative outcomes. The findings also revealed that fostering positive and inclusive organizational culture is important to boost innovation performance among organizations in Pakistan.The current study is significant to the literature, as it combines organizational culture, workplace diversity and employee motivation in one framework to account for organizational innovation in a developing country context.
Organizational Culture, Workplace Diversity, Organizational Innovation, Employee Motivation
FINANCIAL LITERACY AND FINANCIAL WELL-BEING: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF FINANCIAL ANXIETY AMONG BUSINESS GRADUATES
Financial well-being among university graduates has become a major concern due to certain economic factors. This study investigates how financial literacy relates to financial well-being; while also looking at how financial anxiety of graduates might act as a mediator. Financial literacy and financial well-being represent one’s capacity to manage finances and the ability to maintain and feel satisfied with the state of finances. Financial anxiety represents stress and worries one might feel regarding the state of one’s finances. The study also considers the fact that financial anxiety might contribute to financial well-being and that students with financial literacy might also have less financial anxiety. This study employs a cross-sectional survey with a sample of 340 graduates using a convenience sampling technique. SPSS and structural equation modeling were used to evaluate the data. Financial literacy positively impacts financial well-being, whereas financial anxiety negatively impacts financial well-being. The study also found that financial literacy and financial anxiety are positively related. This study attempts to build upon the existing financial behavior literature with a focus on the psychology of financial literacy. This study offers universities, policymakers, and financial institutions an opportunity to reduce graduates’ financial anxiety by increasing students’ financial literacy and student financial well-being.
Financial Literacy, Financial Anxiety, Financial Well-Being, University Students, Business Graduates, Financial Behavior
RESPONSIBLE AI LEADERSHIP, DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION, AND EMPLOYEE WELL-BEING IN PAKISTAN'S KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATIONS
The rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and digital transformation in knowledge-based organizations has significantly reshaped work environments, leadership practices, and employee psychological outcomes. In Pakistan, the accelerated adoption of AI-driven systems has improved organizational efficiency; however, it has also raised concerns regarding employee well-being, technostress, and ethical governance. This study examines the impact of digital transformation and responsible AI leadership on employee well-being in knowledge-based organizations in Pakistan. Grounded in a quantitative research design, data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to assess the direct and moderating effects among the constructs. The findings indicate that digital transformation positively influences employee well-being, while responsible AI leadership plays a more significant role in enhancing psychological outcomes by fostering ethical governance, transparency, and trust in AI systems. Moreover, responsible AI leadership strengthens the relationship between digital transformation and employee well-being, highlighting its critical role as a contextual moderator in AI-driven workplaces. The study contributes to the emerging literature on AI governance and organizational behavior by integrating leadership ethics with digital transformation outcomes in developing economies. The results offer practical insights for policymakers, organizational leaders, and HR professionals aiming to promote sustainable and human-centered digital workplaces in Pakistan.
AI Leadership; Digital Transformation; Employee Well-Being; Knowledge-Based Organizations; Artificial Intelligence; Pakistan Responsible